地方认同视角下居民对农业文化遗产认知及保护态度——以福州茉莉花与茶文化系统为例

居民对农业文化遗产的认知态度影响其行为选择,并对农业文化遗产的保护及可持续发展具有重要意义。基于人文地理学及环境心理学领域的地方认同理论,选择历史认同、现实认同、情感认同及行为认同4个维度变量,通过问卷调查,以福州居民对全球重要农业文化遗产"福州茉莉花与茶文化系统"的认知及保护态度作为研究对象,并通过构建福州居民农业文化遗产认知及保护规律定量分析居民认知态度、保护行为与人口特征之间的关系。结果表明:(1)福州居民对茉莉花与茶文化系统的行为认同维度得分高于其他维度,且福州市民各维度得分均高于外来居民;(2)受访居民对农业文化遗产的地方认同与其年龄、受教育水平、收入水平及在福州居住时间长短的关系较为密切;(3)通过构建福州居民农业文化遗产认知及保护规律发现,福州居民对农业文化遗产的保护行为主要受其对该遗产项目认知态度的影响,与居民人口特征相关性较弱。拓展农业文化遗产领域的研究视角及方法,促进农业文化遗产地动态保护与可持续发展具有参考价值。     

云纹石斑鱼幼鱼血清生化指标对低温胁迫的响应

设置9、13、17℃3个温度梯度(17℃对照组),对云纹石斑鱼(Epinephelus moara)幼鱼进行7 d的胁迫实验,检测了血清中生化指标和代谢酶活力。结果表明:血清总蛋白(TP)和葡萄糖(GLU)含量在温度骤降后虽有变化,但无显著性差异(P0.05);血清中甘油三酯(TG)和肌酐(CREA)含量在水温骤降至9℃和13℃,7 d后与胁迫前比较均差异显著(P0.05);代谢酶指标中碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、谷草转氨酶(GOT)、谷丙转氨酶(GPT)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)的活力,随低温胁迫的强度和胁迫时间的延长活力都呈上升趋势,且实验结束时均与胁迫前差异显著(P0.05);乳酸脱氢酶活力在实验结束时各低温胁迫实验组之间也有显著性差异(P0.05);研究认为,在耐受温度范围的下限云纹石斑鱼幼鱼遭受低温骤降胁迫时,短期内血清生化指标不发生显著变化;幼鱼通过血清代谢酶活力的升高来响应低温胁迫,以提高抗应激能力;但停食会导致免疫力和抗氧化能力下降,因此实际生产中仍应降低胁迫强度和缩短胁迫时间。     

Water and energy fluxes during summer in an arid‐zone passerine bird

Endothermic animals resident in hot, arid terrestrial environments are likely to face a trade‐off between their ability to obtain water and elevated thermoregulatory water requirements. We assessed whether daily water flux (DWF) is higher on hot days, reflecting increases in evaporative cooling demands, in an arid‐zone bird that obtains its water through food intake. We obtained measurements of DWF (partitioned into water influx and efflux rates) in 71 White‐browed Sparrow‐Weavers Plocepasser mahali at a desert site and a semi‐desert site, during summer in the Kalahari Desert of southern Africa. We found no evidence that DWF varied with maximum daily air temperature (T_air, range = 27.6–39.2 °C). Instead, DWF was lower during dry periods than in the wet season at the semi‐desert site. Furthermore, birds showed deficits in water balance (water influx/water efflux) during the dry periods at both sites. Our data show that DWF is low in a non‐drinking bird that obtains its water through food, and that demands for evaporative water loss on very hot days (maximum T_air of 40–44 °C) may exceed water intake rates during hot and dry periods. Species that do not have opportunities to drink will experience strong trade‐offs between thermoregulation, hydration state and activity levels as temperatures increase.     

Polyphenols from green tea prevent antineuritogenic action of Nogo‐A via 67‐kDa laminin receptor and hydrogen peroxide

Axonal regeneration after injury to the CNS is hampered by myelin‐derived inhibitors, such as Nogo‐A. Natural products, such as green tea, which are neuroprotective and safe for long‐term therapy, would complement ongoing various pharmacological approaches. In this study, using nerve growth factor‐differentiated neuronal‐like Neuroscreen‐1 cells, we show that extremely low concentrations of unfractionated green tea polyphenol mixture (GTPP) and its active ingredient, epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG), prevent both the neurite outgrowth‐inhibiting activity and growth cone‐collapsing activity of Nogo‐66 (C‐terminal domain of Nogo‐A). Furthermore, a synergistic interaction was observed among GTPP constituents. This preventive effect was dependent on 67‐kDa laminin receptor (67LR) to which EGCG binds with high affinity. The antioxidants N‐acetylcysteine and cell‐permeable catalase abolished this preventive effect of GTPP and EGCG, suggesting the involvement of sublethal levels of H₂O₂ in this process. Accordingly, exogenous sublethal concentrations of H₂O₂, added as a bolus dose (5 μM) or more effectively through a steady‐state generation (1–2 μM), mimicked GTPP in counteracting the action of Nogo‐66. Exogenous H₂O₂ mediated this action by bypassing the requirement of 67LR. Taken together, these results show for the first time that GTPP and EGCG, acting through 67LR and elevating intracellular sublethal levels of H₂O₂, inhibit the antineuritogenic action of Nogo‐A.

     

伦敦白胶和茶：一种既快又安全的用于透射电子显微镜的细菌样品制备方法

【目的】检测乌龙茶提取物是否可作为电子染色剂取代醋酸双氧铀用于细菌细胞染色,使其能在透射电子显微镜下进行观察。【方法】利用伦敦白胶对细菌样品(大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌)进行胶块的制备,再在复染铅与不复染铅这两种情况下对超薄切片样品进行3种不同染色剂的电子染色,之后在透射电子显微镜下观察比较其不同之处。这3种不同的染色剂分别是醋酸双氧铀、0.05%乌龙茶提取物以及0.1%乌龙茶提取物。首先将带有超薄切片样品的铜网悬浮于不同的待比较染液中10?15 min,若需进一步用柠檬酸铅复染,则将经3次蒸馏水冲洗过后的铜网再次悬浮于柠檬酸铅染液中8?10 min。【结果】复染铅的情况下,在透射电子显微镜下无论是大肠杆菌还是金黄色葡萄球菌,利用3种电子染色剂进行染色的结果均非常相似。【结论】实验结果表明,在观察细菌结构中,乌龙茶提取物可以替代醋酸双氧铀进行透射电子显微镜样品的电子染色。     

Enantioselective Degradation of Indoxacarb From Different Commercial Formulations Applied to Tea

The stereoselective degradation of indoxacarb enriched with (+)‐S‐indoxacarb (S/R:70/30) was investigated in three typical green teas. A convenient and precise chiral method was developed and validated for measuring indoxacarb enantiomers in green tea. The developed method was based on high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry using a Chiralpak IC column. The stereoselective degradation of indoxacarb enantiomers showed that the (+)‐S‐enantiomer dissipated faster than the (?)‐R‐enantiomer in all three typical tea farms. However, no enantiomerization was observed after applying pure (+)‐S‐indoxacarb. Residues on tea plant of the active ingredient (+)‐S‐indoxacarb from suspension concentrate (SC) was more persistent than that from emulsifiable concentrate (EC). Chirality 27:262–267, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

不同颜色遮阳网遮光对丘陵茶园夏秋茶和春茶产量及主要生化成分的影响

为研究不同颜色遮阳网遮光对夏秋茶与春茶产量和品质的影响,在中国科学院桃源农业生态试验站以“碧香早”茶树为试验材料,选用不遮光和中度遮光（遮光率(50?4)%）的黑色、绿色、银灰色遮阳网开展遮光试验。结果表明：不同季节使用黑色遮阳网能显著增加氨基酸和咖啡碱含量,降低茶多酚含量和酚氨比,与对照茶园比较,夏季、秋季、春季茶叶氨基酸含量分别增加了14.22%、17.07%、6.23%,茶多酚含量分别降低了4.40%、6.43%、27.66%,咖啡碱含量分别增加了9.48%、8.10%、7.28%。夏秋季银灰色遮阳网效果最差,绿色遮阳网效果介于黑色和对照之间,春季三种颜色遮阳网效果均优于对照;茶树遮光后品质明显优于对照,夏秋茶经遮光可达到制高档茶的要求,春茶遮光可达到制名优茶的要求。     

Biodelignification of wheat straw and its effect on in vitro digestibility and antioxidant properties

A variety of methods for feed development have been introduced during last few years. Bioprocessed agricultural residues may prove a better alternative to provide animal feed. For the purpose, some white rot fungi were allowed to degrade wheat straw up to 30 days under solid state conditions. Several parameters including loss in total organic matter, ligninolysis, in vitro digestibility of wheat straw and estimation of different antioxidant activities were studied. All the fungi were able to degrade lignin and enhance the in vitro digestibility. Among all the tested fungi, Phlebia brevispora degraded maximum lignin (30.6%) and enhanced the digestibility from 172 to 287 g/kg. Different antioxidant properties of fungal degraded wheat straw were higher as compared to the uninoculated control straw. Phlebia floridensis found to be more efficient organism in terms of higher antioxidant activity (70.8%) and total phenolic content (9.8 mg/ml). Thus, bioprocessing of the wheat straw with the help of these organisms seems to be a better approach for providing the animal feed in terms of enhanced digestibility, higher protein content, higher antioxidant activity and availability of biomass.     

Laccase production and simultaneous decolorization of synthetic dyes in unique inexpensive medium by new isolates of white rot fungus

Morphological and biochemical analysis of the newly isolated white rot fungal (WRF-1) strain has ability to secrete laccase in the economical medium consisted of synthetic dyes, groundnut shell (GNS) and cyanobacterial biomass (algal bloom) under submerged shaking condition at pH 5.0 and 30 °C ± 2 °C temperature. WRF-1 strain was found to decolorize synthetic dyes efficiently at pH 5.0 and 30 °C ± 2 °C temperature. The laccase activity of strain was purified to homogeneity by chromatography with yield up to 70%. The molecular mass of laccase was found to be 70 kDa by SDS-PAGE and isoelectric point was 4.8. Biotransformation of the dyes was followed spectrophotometrically and dyes were found to decolorize completely after 6 days of fermentation. LC-MS studies were used to decipher the degradation profile of synthetic dyes by WRF-1. Indigo carmine gets degraded to isatin sulfonic acid and 4-amino-3-methylbenzenesulphonic acid whereas methyl orange degraded metabolites were identified as p-N,N′-dimethylamine phenyldiazine and p-hydroxybenzene sulfonic acid. Thus the study would give a road map for the production and application of laccase enzyme on a larger scale using low cost substrate.     

影响绿茶季节间品质差异的生化因子探析

通过测定同一生态环境下生长的31份茶树材料春、夏、秋3季1芽2叶时茶叶的主要生化成分,同时制作烘青茶样进行感官审评,并对测定数据进行统计分析,以揭示影响绿茶品质季节间差异的主要生化因子。结果表明,有27份材料的茶叶品质呈现出春季高于夏、秋季的变化趋势。对27份材料生化成分与品质总分的逐步回归分析、相关分析和通径分析表明,氨基酸、花青素和叶绿素含量对茶叶品质的影响最大,是导致绿茶品质季节间差异的主要生化因子。其中氨基酸表现为正向影响,在季节间呈现春季高、夏秋季降低的规律;花青素和叶绿素表现为负向影响,在季节间呈现春季低、夏秋季升高的趋势。